This guide explains two concepts that come up in every website security discussion. The OWASP Top 10 is an awareness document from the open OWASP community that lists the most critical web application risk families: broken access control, cryptographic failures, injection such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting, insecure design, security misconfiguration, vulnerable and outdated components, authentication failures, software and data integrity failures, logging and monitoring gaps, and server-side request forgery.
Security headers are HTTP response headers that tell the browser how to behave. Content-Security-Policy limits where scripts and other resources may load from and can blunt cross-site scripting; HSTS forces encrypted connections; nosniff, frame-ancestors, Referrer-Policy and Permissions-Policy close further gaps, while Secure, HttpOnly and SameSite cookie attributes protect sessions. CSP should be trialled in report-only mode first, especially on sites with analytics and advertising tags.
A WAF blocks known attack patterns but cannot fix business logic flaws, so secure code, headers, a WAF and regular penetration testing should work together. The guide ends with a short checklist covering MFA, component inventory, headers, rate limits, logging and off-site backups.
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